The blue port of call

Visitors never tire of entering Marseilles. It is a constant series of discoveries, from the minute you spot the hills surrounding it to the minute you set foot on dry land in the Vieux Port. As a small landing guide for Lacydon:

“115 centuries are looking at you from the top of these pyramids” you could say to your crew if you fancy yourself as the small emperor entering Marseilles. The Massif de l’Etoile to the North, the Allauch and Carpiagne hills to the East, and the Puget and Marseilleveyre hills to the South give the Marseilles bay its brightness and this summer-blue light. They are limestone hills, rich in calcium carbonate, solid and bright, whose rock is used for building houses, formed by a coral reef at the bottom of a shallow sea in a tropical climate.
And, thanks to the rising of the Pyrenees at the other end of the Gulf of Lion, these deposits, patiently placed in flat layers like lasagne by Tethys, the sea at the time, came to make folds, broke up, and created these headlands: the Frioul islands, which are misleading from afar as they merge into the coast, Notre Dame de la Garde which watches over you and lights up in the evening, Marseilleveyre that you can see behind the Pointe Rouge, these hills where the Gauls from Gypis’ family were able to show the Greek Protis, who had only just disembarked from his galley, the wonderful site of Lacydon which was to become the Vieux Port.
The rest, that you can’t see but that passes under your hull, is an enormous collapse. 35 million years ago, at the bottom of the great lake that was formed there, sediment along with fallen rocks from the banks piled up over a kilometre thick. Hills as high as those that you can see around you “fell into this hole” and were buried there.
And this wonderful site where you are cruising, and the exceptional harbour where you will soon find shelter, were created out of this great upheaval. Welcome to Marseilles!


THE WATCHING  “BONNE MERE”
From the open sea, it is the clearest landmark and a symbol too: Marseilles is in sight!
Notre Dame de la Garde was built between 1863 and 1893 on the former site of a 13th century chapel, also consecrated to the Virgin Mary. Like the Major cathedral that you discover almost at the same time, it is in a very rich Neo-Byzantine style. Topped with a 90m high belfry, it is overhung with an enormous 11m high Mother and Child covered in gold, by the Parisian goldsmith Charles Christofle.
The people of Marseilles call her the “Bonne Mère” (good mother). As protector of the town, people put ex-votos on her in the colours of the football team Olympique de Marseille…
Anecdote: at the end of the building work, a team of mules had to carry the 8t great bell to the top of the hill. Halfway up, the mules had had enough, so someone said: “We’d better fetch Macari”. This reputed contractor had an enormous pulley set up at the foot of the basilica, through which he put a very long rope, attaching one end to the cart and the other to the mules facing down the hill. As it was easier for these animals to pull while going down rather than when climbing up, the bell could be fitted. Since then, in Marseilles, whenever somebody is faced with a difficulty, they say: “Let’s fetch Macari.”
The “Bonne Mère”, inseparable from the image of the town, tells of the mixture of civilisations.
It was in the 6th century B.C. that the first “Dame de Garde” appeared in Marseilles; indeed, although tradition likes to claim that the first appearance was in prehistoric times, a female guard on the hill can be traced with certainty back to the time of the Phocaeans. The site was to house the temple of the goddess of the city of Phocaea, Aphrodite, and thus guard the fire of the city.
The name of Our Lady “de la Garde” therefore apparently comes from this idea of a guarding place for the sacred fire. Then, Christianity took over the pagan places of worship to turn them into its own. The construction of the basilica in 1853 gave the De la Garde hill its full meaning: sacred signal, urban signal. And, what’s more, a landmark for sailors.

THE THREE “MAJORS”
When you reach the outer harbour, it is the Major cathedral that attracts your attention on the port side, where the ferries are.
It’s the height of luxury! Between the Old Port and the “new”, the architect Léon Vaudoyer erected a building that looks more like a palace than a place of prayer. With its marble and porphyry, mosaics, domes, alternating green and white stones, it confirms Marseilles’ intention to be a gateway to the East.
It is as large as Saint Peter’s basilica in Rome, and can seat a congregation of up to three thousand people. The Prince and President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte laid the first stone in 1852, and Pope Leo XIII made a basilica out of it in 1896.
The Major is 142 m long, its portico is 60m high and the nave 20 m, whereas the 17.70m diameter dome is 70m high, making it the sixth in the world.
To build it, two bays of the former Notre Dame cathedral there had to be demolished, as since the 5th century, several religious buildings had succeeded each other on this site. The work on the new one revealed the existence of a third early Christian church and a baptistery set up on the same site: thus we can talk about the cathedrals of Saint Mary Major.

PHARO FEET IN THE WATER
A quick look to starboard and you will see the hill of the Pharo, the third building of the Napoleon III era, to which the Bourse and the Saint Charles station are added a bit further on.
On a visit to Marseilles in 1852, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, still President of the French, decided to build a villa “right on the water’s edge” in Marseilles. This futuristic “marina” whose first stone was laid in 1858 never saw either the emperor nor the empress who, in the meantime, had been promoted. Eugenie gave it as a gift to the town.
It is not blindingly light or refined in its style, but its position on the hill over the harbour makes it an important part of the landscape, balancing out this part of the town.
After having housed the Faculty of Medicine, the Pharo now houses trade fairs and seminars and provides participants with a splendid view over the islands, harbours and the town.

SAINT JOHN OF THE SQUARE TOWER
Go past the Pharo’s cove and enter the entrance channel to the Old Port under the double authority of the Saint John and Saint Nicolas fortresses. On the port side, there’s the Saint John Fortress and its Fanal Tower, former command post of the Hospital Services of Saint John of Jerusalem at the end of the 13th century. Its Square Tower, attributed to King René and built in the 15th century, is included in the ramparts, raised in 1666 by the engineer Clerville, under the authority of Vauban and at the request of Louis XIV.
Nowadays the Fortress houses collections of which some reproductions decorate the pale pink façade. The town intends to create a new museum there, the MUCEM, which will fall within the “Cité de la Méditerranée” project. Although the Square Tower, open to the general public, provides an incomparable view over the harbour, it is also pleasant in the evening, to be gently rocked by the boat, while catching glimpses of the shadows against the walls, so sober by day, of lovers on romantic strolls in the town and offshore.

THE SAINT NICOLAS CITADEL
On the other side, a fortress signed by Vauban. Louis XIV, who apparently said “We have noticed that the people of Marseilles prize pretty buildings. We have decided to have our own at the entrance to this great harbour” also had the Saint Nicolas Fortress “The citadel of the people of Marseilles” built on the green lighthouse side, and completed in 1664. The aim was the same as that for the construction of the Saint John Fortress: to put an end to the uprising of the inhabitants of Marseilles who ridicule Royal authority. You will notice that the canons face towards the town …
In the Middle Ages, the site housed a small chapel founded between 1150 and 1228 and dedicated to Saint Nicolas; it belonged to the Saint Victor Abbey.
At the foot of it, at the level of the narrowest opening between the two fortresses, the Sénéchal de Provence ordered in 1322 that a wooden fence be fitted; at the end of this fence, a chain was to be fixed blocking the entrance to the harbour. It was reinforced gradually afterwards so that thirty years later, there were two actual mounds. It was also a period of major work around the Saint Nicolas chapel in order to create a wall-walk joining up with the harbour’s chain.
This system of defence was revealed to be completely useless in 1423 against the attack by King Alphonse V of Aragon. The town was plundered for three days by the people of Aragon, the Catalan galley ships having taken the Chapel from behind. As their trophy, they took with them the harbour’s chain which is now displayed in Spain, in the cathedral of Valencia.

SAINT LAURENT OF THE FISHERMEN
On the red beacon’s side, just above the boats of the Affaires Maritimes, is one of the purest buildings of the harbour. With a spire like the one at Collioure, it is the Saint Laurent church, built in the 12th century, the parish of fishermen and sailors. Particularly damaged by the destruction of the area in 1943, it has nevertheless maintained the beauty of its Romanesque architecture in pink limestone from Cap Couronne. Beside it, the Saint Catherine chapel was built in 1604, in late gothic style, unique in its kind in Marseilles.

SAINT VICTOR OF THE LEGION